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INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS (IE)

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Mechanism of Normal Labor

  Mechanism of normal labor Definition: The series of movements that occur on the head in the process of adaptation during its journey through the pelvis is called mechanism of labor. Mechanism:   In normal labor, the head enters the brim more commonly through the available transverse diameter (70%) and to the lesser extent through one of the oblique diameters. The position is either occipitolateral or oblique occipitoanterior. Left occipitoanterior is more common than right occipitoanterior as the left oblique diameter is encroached by the rectum. The engaging anteroposterior diameter of the head is either suboccipitobregmatic 9.5 cm or in slight deflexion-the suboccipitofrontal 10 cm. The engaging transverse diameter is biparietal 9.5 cm. As the occipitolateral position is most common, the mechanism of the labor in such position will be described. The principal movements are: Engagement Descent Flexion Internal rotation  Crowning Extension Restitution External rot...
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HYPERTENSION (High Blood Pressure)

HYPERTENSION (High Blood Pressure) The British Hypertension Society classification, defines mild hypertension as existing when the BP is above 140/90 mmHg.  The Cardiovascular risks associated with high BP depend on the combination of risk factors in an individual, such as age, gender, weight, physical activity, smoking, family history, serum cholesterol, diabetes mellitus and pre-existing vascular disease. Classification of Hypertension Causes of Hypertension Alcohol  Obesity  Pregnancy RENAL DISEASE Glomerulonephritis Renal vascular disease Polycystic kidney disease ENDOCRINE DISEASE Pheochromocytoma Cushing's syndrome Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) Thyrotoxicosis Acromegaly  Primary hypothyroidism Liddle's syndrome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia COARCTATION OF THE AORTA DRUGS Steroids : Anabolic steroids, corticosteroid, oral contraceptive pills. Cyclosporine Beta receptor agonists Sympathomimetics (Cold remedies/ Nasal drops) NSAIDs Causes of isolat...
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