MBBS question bank

 Alopecia: causes, diagnose, and treatment Alopecia : Alopecia means loss of hair. There are two types of alopecia. Non-cicatricial alopecia Cicatricial alopecia Difference between cicatricial and noncicatricial alopecia Alopecia Areata (AA) Etiology The pathogenesis of AA is uncertain and following factors are incriminated: Immunological factors: AA is considered an immunological disease because of: Association of AA with other auto-immune diseases (auto-immune thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, vitiligo, and atopy) Cytokines produced by dermal papillae in lesions not only attract lymphocytes to perifollicular region but also stimulate them to multiply. As opposed to normal hairs, strong major histocompatibility complex (class 1 and class 2) immunoreactivity found in affected follicles. 2. Genetic factors: AA may be present in some families, so it may have a genetic basis. 3. Emotional factors: In some patients, AA is precipitated by emotional stress. Epidemiology     Prevalence:   A

  Rheumatoid arthritis  is a chronic inflammatory, destructive and deforming symmetrical polyarthritis associated with systemic involvement. The individuals with HLA-D4 and HLA-DR4 are more prone to RA. It starts when your immune system, which is supposed to protect you, goes awry and begins to attack your body’s own tissues. It causes  inflammation   in the lining of your joints (the synovium). As a result, your joints may get red, warm, swollen, and painful. Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Who Gets Rheumatoid Arthritis? Anyone can get RA. It affects about 1% of Americans. The disease is 2 to 3 times more common in women than in men, but men tend to have more severe symptoms. It usually starts in middle age. But young children and the elderly also can get it. Pathogenesis Synovitis (synovial cell hyperplasia, hypertrophy with CD4 lymphocytic infiltration and synovial effusion) Pannus

What Is Type 2 Diabetes?   Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong disease that keeps your body from using insulin the way it should. People with type 2 diabetes are said to have insulin resistance. People who are middle-aged or older are most likely to get this kind of diabetes, so it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But type 2 diabetes also affects kids and teens, mainly because of childhood obesity. It’s the most common type of diabetes. There are about 29 million people in the U.S. with type 2. Another 84 million have prediabetes, meaning their blood sugar (or blood glucose) is high but not high enough to be diabetes yet. Signs and Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes The symptoms of type 2 diabetes can be so mild that you don't notice them. About 8 million people who have it don't know it. Symptoms include: Being very thirsty Peeing a lot Blurry vision Being cranky Tingling or numbness in your hands or feet Fatigue/feeling worn out Wounds that don't heal Yeast infection that keep